La ética de la automatización en vehículos y enfoques alternos para problemas morales actuales / L'ètica de l'automatització en vehicles i enfocaments alterns per a problemes morals actuals / The ethics of vehicle automation and alternate approaches to current moral problems

En el presente trabajo se utiliza el problema ético de la automatización en transportes y vehículos dotados de inteligencia artificial (IA) para un análisis crítico de las diferentes posiciones éticas y morales clásicas. Debido a la intersección de la IA con los campos de investigación de la bioética, la nomoética y la tecnoética, existe un hilo conductor en sus fundamentos. Además, se juzga necesario para este propósito, así como por rigurosidad, hacer uso de una cantidad mínima de herramientas formales y exponer un proyecto de una teoría ética actualizada, sistémica y materialista, que sobrepase a sus sistemas rivales. Así, se pretende ofrecer las bases para una teoría alterna más fecunda y explicar cómo las posiciones éticas tradicionales pueden ser obsoletas, si no directamente inaplicables, para afrontar la automatización inteligente y problemas morales similares, en la actualidad.(AU)

En el present treball s'utilitza el problema ètic de l'automatització en transports i vehicles dotats d'intel·ligència artificial (IA) per a una anàlisi crítica de les diferents posicions ètiques i morals clàssiques. A causa de la intersecció de la IA amb els camps de recerca de la bioètica, la nomoètica i la tecnoètica, existeix un fil conductor en els seus fonaments. A més, es jutja necessari per a aquest propòsit, així com per rigorositat, fer ús d'una quantitat mínima d'eines formals i exposar un projecte d'una teoria ètica actualitzada, sistèmica i materialista, que sobrepassi als seus sistemes rivals. Així, es pretén oferir les bases per a una teoria alterna més fecunda i explicar com les posicions ètiques tradicionals poden ser obsoletes, si no directament inaplicables, per a afrontar l'automatització intel·ligent i problemes morals similars, en l'actualitat.(AU)

In the present paper we use the ethical problem of automation in transport and vehicles equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) for the critical analysis of the different classic ethical and moral positions. Due to the intersection between the AI with bioethics, nomoethics and technoethics research fields, entails a drastic thread to its foundations. Additionally, we judge necessary for our purpose, as for rigurosity, to make use of a minimum amount of formal tools and expose a project of an updated, systemic and materialist, ethical theory that surpasses their rival systems. Thus, we try to provide the basis for a more fruitful alternative theory and explain how the traditional ethical positions may be currently obsolete, if notdirectly inapplicable, to cope intelligent automation and similar moral problems, at the present time.(AU)

Ideologia gerencialista e plataformas de treinamentos de dados para Inteligência Artificial (IA): condições de trabalho e saúde dos trabalhadores no Brasil / Managerial ideology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) data training platform: working conditions and worker's health in Brazil / Ideología managerial y plataformas de anotación de datos para Inteligencia Artificial (IA): condiciones de trabajo y salud de los trabajadores en Brasi

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as condições de trabalho e os seus impactos na saúde dos trabalhadores no mercado de microtarefas de treinamento de dados para a produção de Inteligência Artificial (IA), em especial no que diz respeito a suas relações com a ideologia gerencialista. Os dados são provenientes de uma netnografia realizada entre os anos de 2020 e 2021, de análises dos websites das plataformas e de entrevistas realizadas com 15 trabalhadores. A partir da análise de quatro instâncias mediadoras (econômica, política, ideológica e psicológica), argumentamos que a ideologia gerencialista, consubstanciada a ideologia californiana, se caracteriza como um operador central na gestão do trabalho, que tem por finalidade garantir a adesão dos trabalhadores às plataformas e ocultar os conflitos do trabalho, direcionando-os para o nível individual e produzindo um cenário de individualização do sofrimento.

The objective of this study is to analyze working conditions and their impacts on worker's health in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) data annotation microtask market, especially to highlight their relationship with managerial ideology. The data comes from a netnography carried out between the years 2020 and 2021, from analysis on the platform's websites, and from interviews with 15 workers. Drawing from the analysis of four different mediation systems (economic, political, ideological, and psychological), we argue that the managerial ideology, overlaid with the Californian ideology, is characterized as a central element in the management of labor, which aims to guarantee the adherence of workers to platforms and hide the labor conflicts, directing them to the individual level and producing a scenario of individualization of suffering.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las condiciones de trabajo y sus impactos en la salud de los tra-bajadores en el mercado de microtareas de anotación de datos para la producción de Inteligencia Artificial (IA), en particular en lo que concierne a su relación con la ideología managerial. Los datos provienen de una netnografía realizada entre los años 2020 y 2021, de análisis en los sitios web de las plataformas y de entrevistas con 15 trabajadores. A partir del análisis de cuatro instancias mediadoras (económica, política, ideológica y psicológica), argumentamos que la ideología gerencial, superpuesta en la ideología californi-ana, se caracteriza como un elemento central en la gestión del trabajo, que pretende garantizar la adhesión de los trabajadores a las plataformas y ocultar los conflictos del trabajo, dirigiéndolos al plano individual y produciendo un escenario de individualización del sufrimiento.

[Phenotype proposal for early diagnosis of possibility of metabolic syndrome in school children aged 6 to 15 years]. / Propuesta de fenotipo para diagnóstico temprano de posibilidad de síndrome metabólico en escolares de seis a 15 años.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) continue to be a problem at a socioeconomic level, causing high morbidity and mortality in the adult population. Prevention of risk factors should be carried out from an early age. Currently, there is no consensus on the opportune moment to start an intervention or treatment, regarding metabolic syndrome. The objective of the study is to describe the phenotype to predict early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study in schoolchildren from 6 to 15 years old, conducted in Guayaquil. Anthropometric measurements and a survey were performed, obtaining signing informed consent. The IBM Watson artificial intelligence (AI) platform with its software Modeler Flow, were used for the analysis. RESULTS: A population of 1025 students between 6 and 15 years old (mean of 12 years for men and 13 years for women) was examined, of whom 62.3% were men and 37.7% women. 23.9% of the population was overweight and 14% obese. A greater tendency to weight alteration was observed in men than in women (51.37% vs 47.79%), and a lower waist circumference in men (85 cm vs 87 cm, respectively). Males had a higher level of systolic blood pressure (SBP), being within the 90th percentile (mean SBP of 123 mmHg) 61.2%, compared to 38.8% of women, with a p < 0.001. Sedentary lifestyle is similar in both groups, with an average of 4.79 hours in front of the screen and/or video games. A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between SBP and the waist/height ratio (WHtR) in the 90th percentile and 95th percentile (X2 9.075, p < 0.028, and X2 23,54, p < 0,000 respectively), as well as a relationship between 95th percentile and sex (X2 11.57, p < 0.001). The Modeler Flow software showed us that if WHtR, > 0.46, weight > 56.1 kg and height > 1.61 m, the probability of presenting metabolic syndrome, was of 82.4%. The statistic of this study has a predictive accuracy of 90% (error deviation of 0.009). The importance in the predictors of metabolic syndrome, range from 97.57% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS: A prevalence of 33.9% of metabolic syndrome was observed in schoolchildren from 6 to 15 years old, with pathological cut-off points of: WHtR > 0.46, weight > 56.1 kg, pure sedentary lifestyle > 3 hours in front of the screen/playing video games, and SBP within the 90th percentile (> 123 mmHg). With these four indicators, we can predict a probability of early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome of 97% to 100%.